Overview
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a hormone-related mood disorder that happens every month. It’s caused by sensitivity to hormone changes, with symptoms typically appearing 1-2- weeks before menstruation begins and improves a few days after it starts.
Unlike Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), the symptoms of PMDD are more disruptive and can significantly affect various aspects of a person’s daily life.
Causes of PMDD.
PMDD is a severe and chronic condition caused by an abnormal reaction in the brain to the natural hormonal changes of oestrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Individuals with PMDD experience heightened sensitivity to these changes, which can trigger debilitating symptoms. The exact cause for this reaction is still unknown.
Symptoms of PMDD can include:
- Mood swings, depression, or crying.
- Feeling hopeless, anxious or anxiety.
- Anger, irritability or a sense of losing control.
- Trouble concentrating or “brain fog”,
- Changes in sleep or eating habits, including cravings.
- Physical symptoms: fatigue, joint or muscle pain, sore breasts, headaches/migraines, bloating or weight gain.
Many people with PMDD also experience suicidal thoughts and feelings.
PMDD can only be diagnosed by tracking symptoms alongside the menstrual cycle for at least 2 months.
Treatments for PMDD.
Treatment varies, but options include:
- Anti-depressants, taken continuously or only during the premenstrual phase.
- Contraceptives.
- Induced menopause (through medication or surgery)
Other ways to help:
If you need urgent advice you can:
- Call a GP and ask for an emergency appointment
- Call 111 out of hours (they will help you find the support and help you need)
- Call a helpline, such as the Samaritans (call free on 116 123)
- If you feel that you may be about to harm yourself, call 999 for an ambulance or go straight to A&E. Or you can ask someone else to call 999 or take you to A&E.
- You can also contact MIND on 0300 102 1234
Just found out about PMDD, and would like to know more?
For more information on PMDD, visit Fair Treatment for the Women of Wales. An easy guide is also available from IAPMD.
Premenstrual Exacerbation (PME)
PME is the worsening of symptoms of a pre-existing condition. Someone with PME may experience symptoms throughout the month, but they often get worse in the week or two before their menstrual cycle. For example, someone with anxiety may feel more irritable or have trouble focusing during this time
The cause of PME is not fully understood, but it’s believed that those with PME are more sensitive to hormonal changes.
Treatment usually focuses on managing the pre-existing condition, with talking therapies and lifestyle changes helping to ease symptoms.
Not sure if it is PMDD or PME? International Association for Premenstrual Disorders (IAPD) has a helpful self-screener